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	<title>Metropolitics</title>
	<link>https://metropolitics.org/</link>
	<description>Favoriser les d&#233;bats et confronter les savoirs et les savoir-faire sur la ville, l'architecture et les territoires.</description>
	<language>en</language>
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		<title>Metropolitics</title>
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<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>The Postponed Tokyo 2020 Games: From Planning Conflicts to Covid</title>
		<link>https://metropolitics.org/The-Postponed-Tokyo-2020-Games-From-Planning-Conflicts-to-Covid.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://metropolitics.org/The-Postponed-Tokyo-2020-Games-From-Planning-Conflicts-to-Covid.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2022-09-09T05:00:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator> Rapha&#235;l Languillon-Aussel &amp; translated by Oliver Waine</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>coronavirus</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>development</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Tokyo</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Japan</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Covid-19</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Olympic Games</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;One of the many consequences of the Covid&#8209;19 pandemic was the postponement of the Tokyo 2020 Olympics, held in summer 2021; however, the health crisis was not the only issue to adversely affect the Games. Here, Rapha&#235;l Languillon-Aussel looks behind the scenes of Tokyo 2020 and examines the multiple conflicts and stakes that beset the Games. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; On March 24, 2020, the Japanese central government announced its decision to postpone by one year the Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games that were&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/-From-the-Field-15-.html" rel="directory"&gt;From the Field&lt;/a&gt;

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&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-coronavirus-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;coronavirus&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-development-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;development&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-Tokyo-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;Tokyo&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-Japan-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;Japan&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-Covid-19-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;Covid-19&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-Olympic-Games-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;Olympic Games&lt;/a&gt;

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<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>Mitigating urban decline through the compact city? Reflections on 15 years of urban recentralization policies in Japan</title>
		<link>https://metropolitics.org/Mitigating-urban-decline-through-the-compact-city-Reflections-on-15-years-of.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://metropolitics.org/Mitigating-urban-decline-through-the-compact-city-Reflections-on-15-years-of.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2017-12-07T05:00:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator> Sophie Buhnik</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>aging</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>periurban</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>downtown</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>city centre</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Japan</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>shrinking cities</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>urban decline</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>urban shrinkage</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>degrowth</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>shrinkage</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>periphery</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>compact city</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;To cope with a rapidly spreading and now pervasive phenomenon of urban decline, Japanese authorities have actively promoted &#8220;compact city&#8221; strategies. However, 15 years after the launch of the Urban Renaissance Special Measure Law, designed to rejuvenate the downtown areas of Japan's largest cities, the neoliberal-oriented rationale that underpinned many compact city projects is now met with mixed opinions in Japan, especially in light of its contrasting effects on seniors' access to urban&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/-From-the-Field-15-.html" rel="directory"&gt;From the Field&lt;/a&gt;

/ 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-aging-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;aging&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-periurban-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;periurban&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-downtown-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;downtown&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-city-centre-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;city centre&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-Japan-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;Japan&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-shrinking-cities,1799-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;shrinking cities&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-urban-decline-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;urban decline&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-urban-shrinkage-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;urban shrinkage&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-degrowth-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;degrowth&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-shrinkage-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;shrinkage&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-periphery-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;periphery&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-compact-city-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;compact city&lt;/a&gt;

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<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>The Tokyo skyline, or the hidden order behind opportunistic construction</title>
		<link>https://metropolitics.org/The-Tokyo-skyline-or-the-hidden-order-behind-opportunistic-construction.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://metropolitics.org/The-Tokyo-skyline-or-the-hidden-order-behind-opportunistic-construction.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2015-11-13T06:00:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator> Rapha&#235;l Languillon-Aussel &amp; translated by Oliver Waine</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>architecture</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>culture</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>skyline</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>towers</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>development</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Tokyo</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Japan</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>space</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>verticality</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Behind the apparent disorder, Tokyo's current skyline in fact complies with complex rules. While the first towers in Tokyo appeared in the late 1960s, the &#8220;verticalization&#8221; of the city has in reality taken place over two distinct periods: the 1980s &#8211; the era of the construction of the global city &#8211; and the 2000s &#8211; Tokyo's renaissance. Since the 2000s, the skyline has tended to respect certain spatial codes, specific to the Japanese context, against a backdrop of dynamic tension between the&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/-Essays-.html" rel="directory"&gt;Essays&lt;/a&gt;

/ 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-architecture-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;architecture&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-culture-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;culture&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-skyline-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;skyline&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-towers-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;towers&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-development-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;development&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-Tokyo-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;Tokyo&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-Japan-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;Japan&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-space-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;space&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-verticality-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;verticality&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>



		
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	</item>
<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>After Fukushima: The Silence of Environmental Organizations on Nuclear Catastrophe</title>
		<link>https://metropolitics.org/After-Fukushima-The-Silence-of.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://metropolitics.org/After-Fukushima-The-Silence-of.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2015-09-22T05:00:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator> Michael Dreiling &amp; Nicholas Lougee &amp; Tomoyasu Nakamura</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>catastrophe</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>disaster</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>environment</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>energy</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>nuclear</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Japan</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>global warming</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>mobilization</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;The nuclear catastrophe at the Fukushima plants in Japan in 2011 raised global awareness of the massive dangers inherent in nuclear energy and led to the shutdown of almost all reactors in the country. Today, Japan is reopening reactors despite public opinion against it. In this article, the authors show that the silence of most environmental organizations reveals their widespread co&#8209;optation by a political and industrial establishment that has, since the Kyoto Protocol, promoted nuclear energy&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/-Essays-.html" rel="directory"&gt;Essays&lt;/a&gt;

/ 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-catastrophe-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;catastrophe&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-disaster-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;disaster&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-environment-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;environment&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-energy-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;energy&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-nuclear-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;nuclear&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-Japan-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;Japan&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-global-warming-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;global warming&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-mobilization-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;mobilization&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>



		
		<enclosure url="https://metropolitics.org/IMG/pdf/met-dreiling-nakamura-lougee.pdf" length="984334" type="application/pdf" />
		

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<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>The burst bubble and the privatisation of planning in Tokyo</title>
		<link>https://metropolitics.org/The-burst-bubble-and-the.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://metropolitics.org/The-burst-bubble-and-the.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2014-02-05T05:50:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator> Rapha&#235;l Languillon-Aussel &amp; translated by Oliver Waine</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>developers</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>urban planning</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>urban policy</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>urban development</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>privatization</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>development</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>business district</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Tokyo</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Japan</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Since the early 1990s and the collapse of Japan's asset price bubble, developments in Marunouchi &#8211; Tokyo's main business district &#8211; have revealed a turning point in planning policy with regard to commercial real estate. Instead of letting laissez-faire prevail, the public authorities have actively involved private developers such as Mitsubishi Jisho in order to increase functional diversity and redefine public spaces. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; Marunouchi is the most central business district in the Tokyo urban area,&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/-From-the-Field-15-.html" rel="directory"&gt;From the Field&lt;/a&gt;

/ 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-developers-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;developers&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-urban-planning-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;urban planning&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-urban-policy-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;urban policy&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-urban-development-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;urban development&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-privatization-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;privatization&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-development-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;development&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-business-district-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;business district&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-Tokyo-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;Tokyo&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-Japan-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;Japan&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>



		
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