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	<title>Metropolitics</title>
	<link>https://metropolitics.org/</link>
	<description>Favoriser les d&#233;bats et confronter les savoirs et les savoir-faire sur la ville, l'architecture et les territoires.</description>
	<language>en</language>
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		<title>Metropolitics</title>
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		<link>https://metropolitics.org/</link>
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<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>Underground Berlin: Where Infrastructure Meets Politics</title>
		<link>https://metropolitics.org/Underground-Berlin-Where-Infrastructure-Meets-Politics.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://metropolitics.org/Underground-Berlin-Where-Infrastructure-Meets-Politics.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2022-12-02T06:00:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator> Clarence Hatton-Proulx &amp; translated by Oliver Waine</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Berlin</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>infrastructure</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Germany</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>energy</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>history</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>networks</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>urban technical networks</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>utilities</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Water, electricity, gas: in Remaking Berlin, Timothy Moss presents a history of Berlin's infrastructure networks from 1920 to 2020, and shows how their operation has varied with successive political regimes. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; For anyone interested in the history of cities, the case of Berlin is particularly rich. In less than a century, the German capital lived through a succession of different political regimes: the Weimar Republic, Nazi rule, the division of the city between two concomitant republics (one&lt;/p&gt;


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		</description>



		
		<enclosure url="https://metropolitics.org/IMG/pdf/met_hatton-proulx.pdf" length="117909" type="application/pdf" />
		

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<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>Unlikely Inter-Class Cooperation in Urbanizing Rural Colombia</title>
		<link>https://metropolitics.org/Unlikely-Inter-Class-Cooperation-in-Urbanizing-Rural-Colombia.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://metropolitics.org/Unlikely-Inter-Class-Cooperation-in-Urbanizing-Rural-Colombia.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2020-02-25T06:00:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator> Sebasti&#225;n F. Villamizar Santamar&#237;a</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Colombia</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Latin America</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Global South</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>South America</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>rural</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Bogot&#225;</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>gentrification</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>rural gentrification</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>urbanization</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>suburbanization</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>rururbanization</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>water</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>urban public service</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>urban services</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>urban technical networks</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>utilities</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>infrastructure</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>social class</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>networks</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>water access</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Sebasti&#225;n F. Villamizar Santamar&#237;a examines a case of rural gentrification outside of Bogot&#225;, Colombia, and shows how long-time peasants and former factory workers and upper-middle-class newcomers collaborate across class lines to manage fundamental resources, such as water, and pressure the state to provide necessary infrastructure and services. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; &#8220;A new neighbor welcomes you; your neighbor, nature,&#8221; claims a billboard on the road between La Calera, a small town, and Bogot&#225;, the Colombian&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/-From-the-Field-15-.html" rel="directory"&gt;From the Field&lt;/a&gt;

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&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-water-access-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;water access&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>



		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>Electricity in War-Torn Aleppo: A New Form of Urban Management</title>
		<link>https://metropolitics.org/Electricity-in-War-Torn-Aleppo-A-New-Form-of-Urban-Management.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://metropolitics.org/Electricity-in-War-Torn-Aleppo-A-New-Form-of-Urban-Management.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2018-11-23T06:00:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator> Youssef Diab &amp; Abboud Hajjar &amp; translated by Oliver Waine</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>energy</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>networks</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>utilities</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>urban public service</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>war</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Syria</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>urban technical networks</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>electricity</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>electricity generators</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>urban services</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Aleppo</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;In Syria, electricity is one of the sectors most adversely affected by the war. New means of electricity production, provided by private individuals, are being developed to make up for the public sector's shortcomings. In examining the case of Aleppo, Abboud Hajjar and Youssef Diab have analyzed the creation of a marketplace for subscriptions to neighborhood electricity generators and the involvement of city dwellers in the day-to-day management of this sector. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; Management of the electricity&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/-Essays-.html" rel="directory"&gt;Essays&lt;/a&gt;

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		</description>



		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>Rio de Janeiro: An (Inequitably) Connected City?</title>
		<link>https://metropolitics.org/Rio-de-Janeiro-An-Inequitably-Connected-City.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://metropolitics.org/Rio-de-Janeiro-An-Inequitably-Connected-City.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2018-09-21T05:00:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator> Francesca Pilo' &amp; translated by Oliver Waine</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>inequalities</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>energy</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>networks</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>utilities</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>urban public service</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Global South</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>socio-spatial inequalities</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Latin America</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Brazil</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>favela</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Rio de Janeiro</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>urban technical networks</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>electricity</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>social division of space</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>fragmentation</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>service provision</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>distribution</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>urban services</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;The tangled webs of electrical wires, a symbol of the favelas, are also the sign of an electricity service that remains profoundly unequal and uncertain in Brazilian cities. Francesca Pilo' considers the varying quality of electricity distribution in Rio de Janeiro, and shows how this network contributes to dynamics of urban fragmentation that go beyond the simple dichotomy between shanty towns and prosperous neighborhoods. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; Despite the universal nature of electricity provision, in terms of&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/-From-the-Field-15-.html" rel="directory"&gt;From the Field&lt;/a&gt;

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&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-electricity-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;electricity&lt;/a&gt;, 
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&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-urban-services-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;urban services&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>



		
		<enclosure url="https://metropolitics.org/IMG/pdf/met-pilo-en.pdf" length="410611" type="application/pdf" />
		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>Shrinking Networks, Growing Solidarities? How to Design a New Social and Territorial Contract</title>
		<link>https://metropolitics.org/Shrinking-Networks-Growing.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://metropolitics.org/Shrinking-Networks-Growing.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2017-09-27T05:00:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator> Daniel Florentin</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>deindustrialization</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>energy</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>water</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>networks</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>utilities</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>urban public service</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Germany</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>solidarity</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>shrinking cities</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>urban decline</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Magdeburg</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>urban shrinkage</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>degrowth</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>shrinkage</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>urban technical networks</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>urban services</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Utilities operators in a number of European cities, faced with significant reductions in consumption levels across the networked infrastructures they run, are at the forefront of urban shrinkage management. Unlike numerous works describing a neoliberal process of territorial dislocation, Daniel Florentin demonstrates, through the case study of Magdeburg in Germany, that these dynamics of shrinking water and energy consumption can also foster new solidarities in the management of large technical&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-urban-services-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;urban services&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>



		
		<enclosure url="https://metropolitics.org/IMG/pdf/met-florentin-eng.pdf" length="297025" type="application/pdf" />
		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>Cities transformed by hygienism: 100 years of local innovation</title>
		<link>https://metropolitics.org/Cities-transformed-by-hygienism.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://metropolitics.org/Cities-transformed-by-hygienism.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2015-03-27T05:55:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator> Sabine Barles &amp; translated by Oliver Waine</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>France</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>innovation</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>environment</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>water</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>sanitation</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>waste</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>utilities</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>urban public service</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>hygienism</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>salubrity</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>urban technical networks</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>urban services</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>health</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Hygiene is a &#8220;battle&#8221;, and the &#8220;hygienist revolution&#8221; of the 19th and early 20th centuries transformed our urban societies. This battle, which has been charted by the historian St&#233;phane Frioux, spread from city to city, based on &#8220;applied science&#8221; that was taken up by a variety of public and private stakeholders, reflecting the inventiveness and competence of the local authorities of the time. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; Hygiene and hygienism have long attracted the attention of historians &#8211; historians of urban issues,&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-health-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;health&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>



		
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	</item>
<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>Water, sanitation, energy, waste: the dawn of the network-free city?</title>
		<link>https://metropolitics.org/Water-sanitation-energy-waste-the.html</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://metropolitics.org/Water-sanitation-energy-waste-the.html</guid>
		<dc:date>2012-04-18T04:45:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator> Sylvain Petitet &amp; translated by Oliver Waine</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>innovation</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>energy</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>water</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>public&#8211;private partnership</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>sanitation</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>waste</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>networks</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>territorial development</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>utilities</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>urban public service</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>urban technical networks</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>urban services</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Negative externalities, changes in society and technological innovation all call into question the industrial model used to organise urban services and utilities. For Sylvain Petitet, it is high time to consider new models and new complementarities for the provision of these urban services. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; For almost two centuries, an industrial model characterised by the creation and operation of major urban networks has fashioned the development of cities and has established itself as the only service&lt;/p&gt;


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