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	<title>Metropolitics</title>
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	<description>Favoriser les d&#233;bats et confronter les savoirs et les savoir-faire sur la ville, l'architecture et les territoires.</description>
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		<title>Dunkirk as a New &#8220;Laboratory&#8221; for Free Transit</title>
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		<dc:date>2018-06-29T05:00:00Z</dc:date>
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		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator> Henri Briche &amp; Maxime Hur&#233; &amp; translated by Oliver Waine</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>France</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>public transportation</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>United States</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>mobility</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>transport</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>free</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>mass transit</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>rapid transit</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>bus</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>transport policy</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Dunkerque</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Hauts-de-France</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Nord&#8211;Pas-de-Calais</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Dunkirk</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Northern France</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>fares</dc:subject>

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&lt;p&gt;From September 2018, the public transport network in Dunkirk, France, will be free of charge for all users. Henri Briche and Maxime Hur&#233;'s research into the zero-fare system already in place in the city at weekends affirms the feasibility of a public policy that encourages urban development and benefits working-class populations &#8211; but is often decried as being unrealistic and costly. How was this policy forged locally, and what is the current state of the art in fare-free transit in France and&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/-From-the-Field-15-.html" rel="directory"&gt;From the Field&lt;/a&gt;

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		<title>Social Norms and Resistance on the City Bus</title>
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		<dc:date>2015-05-05T04:50:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator> Sofya Aptekar</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>public space</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>ethnicity</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>public transportation</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>transport</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>New York</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>minorities</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>mass transit</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>race</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>bus</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>civility</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Queens</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Astoria</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Featured</dc:subject>

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&lt;p&gt;While subways are hailed as the quintessential New York experience, with their own museum, T-shirts, and lore, the city's buses often get forgotten or, worse, imbued with a reputation of lawlessness due to its often poor and minority riders. Sofya Aptekar counters this common myth by showing how social order and morality play out among diverse populations on the buses of Astoria in Queens. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; &#8220;Only black people take the bus.&#8221; This pronouncement came from Levent, one of my students in an adult&lt;/p&gt;


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