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	<title>Metropolitics</title>
	<link>https://metropolitics.org/</link>
	<description>Favoriser les d&#233;bats et confronter les savoirs et les savoir-faire sur la ville, l'architecture et les territoires.</description>
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		<title>The Postponed Tokyo 2020 Games: From Planning Conflicts to Covid</title>
		<link>https://metropolitics.org/The-Postponed-Tokyo-2020-Games-From-Planning-Conflicts-to-Covid.html</link>
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		<dc:date>2022-09-09T05:00:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator> Rapha&#235;l Languillon-Aussel &amp; translated by Oliver Waine</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>coronavirus</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>development</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Tokyo</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Japan</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Covid-19</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Olympic Games</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;One of the many consequences of the Covid&#8209;19 pandemic was the postponement of the Tokyo 2020 Olympics, held in summer 2021; however, the health crisis was not the only issue to adversely affect the Games. Here, Rapha&#235;l Languillon-Aussel looks behind the scenes of Tokyo 2020 and examines the multiple conflicts and stakes that beset the Games. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; On March 24, 2020, the Japanese central government announced its decision to postpone by one year the Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games that were&lt;/p&gt;


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&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/-From-the-Field-15-.html" rel="directory"&gt;From the Field&lt;/a&gt;

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&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-coronavirus-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;coronavirus&lt;/a&gt;, 
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&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-Japan-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;Japan&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-Covid-19-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;Covid-19&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-Olympic-Games-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;Olympic Games&lt;/a&gt;

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		<title>The Tokyo skyline, or the hidden order behind opportunistic construction</title>
		<link>https://metropolitics.org/The-Tokyo-skyline-or-the-hidden-order-behind-opportunistic-construction.html</link>
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		<dc:date>2015-11-13T06:00:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator> Rapha&#235;l Languillon-Aussel &amp; translated by Oliver Waine</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>architecture</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>culture</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>skyline</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>towers</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>development</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Tokyo</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Japan</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>space</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>verticality</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Behind the apparent disorder, Tokyo's current skyline in fact complies with complex rules. While the first towers in Tokyo appeared in the late 1960s, the &#8220;verticalization&#8221; of the city has in reality taken place over two distinct periods: the 1980s &#8211; the era of the construction of the global city &#8211; and the 2000s &#8211; Tokyo's renaissance. Since the 2000s, the skyline has tended to respect certain spatial codes, specific to the Japanese context, against a backdrop of dynamic tension between the&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/-Essays-.html" rel="directory"&gt;Essays&lt;/a&gt;

/ 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-architecture-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;architecture&lt;/a&gt;, 
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&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-skyline-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;skyline&lt;/a&gt;, 
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&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-Japan-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;Japan&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-space-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;space&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-verticality-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;verticality&lt;/a&gt;

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		<title>The burst bubble and the privatisation of planning in Tokyo</title>
		<link>https://metropolitics.org/The-burst-bubble-and-the.html</link>
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		<dc:date>2014-02-05T05:50:00Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator> Rapha&#235;l Languillon-Aussel &amp; translated by Oliver Waine</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>developers</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>urban planning</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>urban policy</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>urban development</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>privatization</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>development</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>business district</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Tokyo</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Japan</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Since the early 1990s and the collapse of Japan's asset price bubble, developments in Marunouchi &#8211; Tokyo's main business district &#8211; have revealed a turning point in planning policy with regard to commercial real estate. Instead of letting laissez-faire prevail, the public authorities have actively involved private developers such as Mitsubishi Jisho in order to increase functional diversity and redefine public spaces. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt; Marunouchi is the most central business district in the Tokyo urban area,&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/-From-the-Field-15-.html" rel="directory"&gt;From the Field&lt;/a&gt;

/ 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-developers-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;developers&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-urban-planning-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;urban planning&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-urban-policy-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;urban policy&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-urban-development-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;urban development&lt;/a&gt;, 
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&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-development-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;development&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-business-district-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;business district&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-Tokyo-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;Tokyo&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://metropolitics.org/+-Japan-+.html" rel="tag"&gt;Japan&lt;/a&gt;

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