François Ménard, a sociologist by training, worked for 10 years in an engineering consultancy firm before joining the Délégation Interministérielle à la Ville (French Interministerial Agency for Urban Affairs), where he played a role in the creation of the Observatoire National des Zones Urbaines Sensibles (National Observatory of Sensitive Urban Areas). He is currently the head of research at PUCA (the interministerial Urban Development, Construction and Architecture Plan), where he is specialised in the fields of housing, energy and the sustainable city.